(B) The fact that many bats emit sounds through their mouths does not weaken the conclusion concerning the purpose of noseleaves for those bats that do possess this distinctive feature. This idea weakens the conclusion that the noseleaves, by allowing bats to emit a greater range of frequencies, contribute to an enhanced awareness of the immediate environment. According to this choice, the bats are emitting at various frequencies, but are “receiving” only a small percentage of what they emit. For the noseleaves to contribute to the bats’ understanding of their surroundings, the bats must be able to interpret the information provided by the different frequencies of sound. To weaken the conclusion about the purpose of noseleaves, we must demonstrate that they do not necessarily aid bats in accessing this vital information. These sound waves “bounce off objects and surfaces and then return to the animals’ ears,” providing the bats with vital information about their surroundings. (E) The second paragraph describes the function of a physical feature that is mentioned in the first paragraph.Īccording to the passage, the purpose of the noseleaves is to help bats “perform difficult tasks, such as locating prey while avoiding obstacles.” The noseleaves do so by allowing bats to emit differing frequencies of sound in different directions. (D) The second paragraph explains the results of a hypothesis that is expressed in the first paragraph. (C) The second paragraph illuminates the intricacies of a method that is introduced in the first paragraph. (B) The second paragraph clarifies a debate over a biological system that is discussed in the first paragraph. (A) The second paragraph discounts the complexity of a process that is revealed in the first paragraph. Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first paragraph? However, this feature is never mentioned in the first paragraph.ġ. (E) The second paragraph does describe the function of a particular physical feature: noseleaves. (D) The first paragraph does not establish a hypothesis instead, the first paragraph simply explains, in broad terms, the method of echolocation in bats. The second paragraph then offers insight into, or illuminates, certain complexities of echolocation, such as how bats are able to utilize their noseleaves to emit differing frequencies. The first paragraph does introduce a method: echolocation. However, no debate over echolocation is mention in the second paragraph or anywhere else in the passage. (B) A biological system – echolocation – is discussed in the first paragraph. Instead, it expounds upon the complexity of this process. However, the second paragraph never discounts the complexity of this process. (A) A particular process – echolocation – is mentioned in the first paragraph. The second paragraph explores the nuances of echolocation in bats, with a particular emphasis on the importance of noseleaves in certain bat species. The first paragraph of the passage explains that bats use echolocation and broadly describes how echolocation works. The complexity the noseleaves add to the bats’ ultrasound perception could help the bats perform difficult tasks, such as locating prey while avoiding obstacles. Lower frequency sounds are spread more vertically, while higher frequency sounds emit more horizontally. As a result, the grooves cause different frequencies of sound to discharge in different directions. Three-dimensional computer simulations of these noseleaves revealed that furrows along the top of the noseleaves act as cavities that resonate strongly with certain frequencies of sound. Many species of bats have elaborate, intricately shaped flaps, or noseleaves, around their nostrils that are adorned with grooves and spikes. Recent research has provided insight into how certain physical features help bats use this variability to differentiate among objects in their environments. The biosonar of some bats is so advanced that it allows them to fly in complete darkness, snatch moving insects out of the air, or hover just above water level to drink.įor years, scientists have been aware that bats emit slightly different frequencies in differing situations. Since high-frequency waves do not diffract, or bend, extensively, these ultrasonic vibrations provide bats with accurate maps of their surroundings. While using echolocation, these bats emit a series of short, high-frequency sounds from their mouths or nostrils that bounce off objects and surfaces and then return to the animals’ ears. Insect-eating bats rely heavily on echolocation, a method of sensory perception by which certain animals orient themselves to their surroundings, detect obstacles, communicate with others, and find food.
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